About sepsis
Infections are a part of life—even in Switzerland. Most of the time, they clear up without any problems. Sometimes, however, they can lead to sepsis. And that turns into a medical emergency.
Sepsis is life-threatening. The condition occurs when the body’s response to an infection is so severe that it damages its own tissues and organs. It can rapidly worsen and, without prompt treatment, be fatal.
Why sepsis affects us all
Sepsis can affect anyone. It is just as common as a stroke or heart attack—and just as dangerous. Older adults, young children, and people with weakened immune systems are particularly at risk.
For more facts, figures, and background information on sepsis in Switzerland, see the Swiss Sepsis Report.
What happens during sepsis
In sepsis, the body’s immune and inflammatory responses spiral out of control. As a result, the body attacks itself, and vital organs can be affected.
Signs and symptoms
Sepsis is often difficult to recognize in its early stages. That’s why it’s important to take the warning signs seriously. If you feel sick, unusually weak, or more tired than usual, it could be sepsis. The same applies if you notice these symptoms in someone close to you.
Then act quickly! And get help quickly via the emergency number or a doctor’s surgery. This will enable specialists to clarify the situation and initiate the right treatment.
Signs of sepsis in adults
Sepsis often does not present with a single symptom, but rather with a combination of various changes. Here are the most important changes that may indicate sepsis:
Signs of sepsis in children and infants
Sepsis can worsen very quickly, especially in toddlers and infants. The early symptoms can vary widely, making early detection difficult.
Seek medical attention immediately if you or your child has an infection and any of these symptoms. Do the same if you are concerned—for example, because your child is not getting better after being examined by a doctor or nurse. The following changes may indicate sepsis:
What causes sepsis
Sepsis can be triggered by various types of infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. The vast majority of infections that lead to sepsis are acquired outside of medical facilities. The most common sources of infection include the lungs (e.g., pneumonia), the urinary tract, the abdomen, and the skin, as well as infections resulting from injuries or surgical wounds.
People at increased risk of sepsis
Sepsis can affect anyone, but certain groups are particularly at risk, including newborns, infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. People with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, or kidney or liver disease are also at increased risk. The same applies to people who have suffered severe burns or physical injuries. Sepsis survivors also have an increased risk of developing sepsis again.
Persons at risk include
- Older adults (65 years and older)
- Infants and toddlers
- People with a weakened immune system, e.g. people undergoing chemotherapy or living with diseases such as HIV/AIDS or autoimmune diseases
- Patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, kidney disease or heart failure
- Hospitalized persons, especially those after major surgery, catheters or mechanical ventilators
- People with serious injuries, burns, trauma or open wounds
How sepsis is treated
Sepsis is a medical emergency and is treated in the hospital.
Treatment typically includes:
- Medication against the infection (e.g. antibiotics)
- stabilization of circulation and breathing
- Treatment in the intensive care unit if required
The earlier treatment begins, the better the chances of recovery.
Recovery and life after sepsis
For those who survive sepsis, the journey often does not end with discharge from the hospital. Up to 50 percent of sepsis survivors suffer from long-term, sometimes lifelong health consequences.
These include, for example:
- Chronic pain
- Organ dysfunction
- Persistent weakness and exhaustion
- Memory or concentration problems
- Physical limitations
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-ICU syndrome (PICS)
Post-ICU syndrome (PICS) refers to a range of physical, cognitive, and mental health issues that can affect individuals who have survived a stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). It can develop as a result of a critical illness and intensive care treatment and is common among survivors of sepsis, COVID-19, or other severe illnesses. The main features of PICS are:
- Physical symptoms: Muscle weakness, fatigue, chronic pain and limited mobility
- Cognitive symptoms: Memory disorders and concentration difficulties
- Mental health problems: Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disorders.
The treatment of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) requires a multidisciplinary approach (rehabilitation, psychological and/or psychosocial support) to address the multiple effects of this syndrome and help patients regain their quality of life.
Post-sepsis syndrome
Post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) affects up to 50 percent of sepsis survivors and can include chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, persistent pain, impaired organ function, recurrent infections, and cognitive problems such as depression, memory problems, and reduced emotional resilience.
Physical effects
- Impaired heart, kidney or liver function
- Chronic fatigue
- Breathing difficulties and shortness of breath
- Muscle weakness and chronic pain
- Visual and speech problems
- Poor appetite
Psychological consequences
- Depression and anxiety
- Sleep disorders, nightmares and hallucinations
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and flashbacks
- Impaired cognitive function, memory and concentration problems
- Mood swings
Relatives are also often heavily burdened. Good aftercare and support are therefore important so that those affected can get back to their everyday lives.
Recognizing and preventing Sepsis
Everyone can help prevent sepsis or recognize it early enough:
- Prevent infections – for example through hygiene and vaccinations
- Take warning signs seriously
- Get medical help quickly in case of uncertainty
This can prevent serious complications and save lives.
Think of sepsis. Save lives.
Sepsis can affect anyone. Every contribution counts: If you experience unusual symptoms, consider the possibility of sepsis. Seek help right away. This will ensure prompt treatment.
How to protect and save lives.
